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Understanding Java Buffer Pool Memory Space
What is the buffer pool memory space?
Java applications use memory to store data temporarily as it is being processed. One of the memory spaces used by Java applications is the buffer pool memory space, which is used to store data structures such as buffers and caches. These structures are essential for improving the application’s performance, as they allow the application to temporarily store data, reducing the number of I/O operations required.
In this blog, we will explore the Java Buffer Pool memory space and discuss how an Application Performance Management (APM) tool, such as FusionReactor APM, can be used to monitor and optimize its usage.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]
The buffer pool space is located outside of the garbage collector-managed memory. It’s a way to allocate native off-heap memory. What’s the benefit of using buffer pools? To answer this question, let’s firstly learn what byte buffers are.
Byte Buffer
Non-Direct Buffer
java.nio package comes with the Bytebuffer class. It allows us to allocate both direct and non-direct byte buffers. Their is nothing special about non-direct byte buffers – they are an implementation of HeapByteBuffer created by ByteBuffer.allocate() and ByteBuffer.wrap() factory methods. As the name of the class suggests, these are on-heap byte buffers. Wouldn’t it be easier to allocate all the buffers on the Java heap space then? Why would anyone need to allocate something in a native memory? To answer this question, we need to understand how operating systems perform I/O operations. Any read or write instructions are executed on memory areas which are contiguous sequence of bytes. So does byte[] occupy a contiguous space on the heap? While technically it makes sense, the JVM specification does not have such guarantees. What’s more interesting, the specification doesn’t even guarantee that heap space will be contiguous itself! Although it seems to be rather unlikely that JVM will place a one-dimensional array of primitives in different places in memory, byte array from Java heap space cannot be used in native I/O operations directly. It has to be copied to a native memory before every I/O, which of course, leads to obvious inefficiencies. For this reason, a direct buffer was introduced.
Direct Buffer
A direct buffer is a chunk of native memory shared with Java from which you can perform a direct read.
An instance of DirectByteBuffer can be created using the ByteBuffer.allocateDirect() factory method. Byte buffers are the most efficient way to perform I/O operations and thus, they are used in many libraries and frameworks – for example in Netty.
Memory Mapped Buffer
A direct byte buffer may also be created by mapping a region of a file directly into memory. In other words, we can load a region of a file to a particular native memory region that can be accessed later. As you can imagine, it can give a significant performance boost if we have the requirement to read the content of a file multiple times. Thanks to memory mapped files, subsequent reads will use the content of the file from the memory, instead of loading the data from the disc every time it’s needed. MappedByteBuffer can be created via the FileChannel.map() method.
An additional advantage of memory mapped files, is that the OS can flush the buffer directly to the disk when the system is shutting down. Moreover, the OS can lock a mapped portion of the file from other processes on the machine.
Allocation is Expensive
One of the problems with direct buffers is that it’s expensive to allocate them. Regardless of the size of the buffer, calling Buffer.allocateDirect() is a relatively slow operation. It is therefore more efficient to either use direct buffers for large and long-lived buffers or create one large buffer, slice off portions on demand, and return them to be re-used when they are no longer needed. A potential problem with slicing may occur when slices are not always the same size. The initial large byte buffer can become fragmented when allocating and freeing objects of different size. Unlike Java heap, direct byte buffer cannot be compacted, because it’s not a target for the garbage collector.
Monitoring the Usage of Buffer Pools
If you’re interested in the amount of direct or mapped byte buffers used by your application, then you can easily monitor them using FusionReactor. FusionReactor provides a break-down of all the different memory spaces. Simply navigate to Resources and then Direct – Buffer Pools.
By default, the Direct Buffer Pool graph is displayed. You can switch to the Mapped Buffer Pool by clicking on a drop-down in the top right corner. Java will grow those pools as required so the fact that Direct Memory Used covers Direct Capacity on the graph above, means that all buffer memory allocated so far is in use.
Please note – you can limit the amount of direct byte buffer space that an application can allocate, by using -XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=N flag. Although this is possible, you would need a very good reason to do so.
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Understanding Java Buffer Pool Memory Space using an APM
An Application Performance Management (APM) tool can monitor the Java Buffer Pool memory space, providing insight into how the application uses memory and identifying any potential performance bottlenecks.
For example, with FusionReactor APM, you can monitor the size of the buffer pool over time and detect any sudden spikes in usage that might indicate a memory leak. The tool also provides detailed information on the specific buffers and caches being used, allowing you to track the performance of each component of your application and identify which ones may need optimization.
By using an APM tool to monitor the Java Buffer Pool memory space, you can ensure that your application is using memory efficiently and effectively, improving overall performance and stability. Additionally, the tool can help you to quickly identify and diagnose performance issues, allowing you to resolve them before they become critical.
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How to monitor the Java Buffer Pool memory space in FusionReactor APM:
- Memory Profiling: This feature provides a detailed view of how the application uses memory, including information on the size of the buffer pool, the amount of memory being used by each buffer and cache, and the rate of memory allocation and deallocation.
- Garbage Collection Monitoring: This feature allows you to monitor the performance of the Java garbage collector, which is responsible for freeing up memory that is no longer needed by the application. By monitoring the garbage collector, you can identify any performance bottlenecks and optimize the memory usage of the buffer pool.
- Memory Leak Detection: This feature helps you to detect memory leaks, which can cause the buffer pool to grow in size and lead to performance issues. The tool provides information on which objects are responsible for the memory leak, allowing you to resolve the issue quickly.
- Real-Time Monitoring: FusionReactor APM provides real-time monitoring of the Java Buffer Pool memory space, allowing you to detect performance issues as they occur and resolve them before they become critical.
These are just a few features in FusionReactor APM for monitoring the Java Buffer Pool memory space. By using these features, you can ensure that your application is using memory efficiently and effectively, improving overall performance and stability.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/3″][us_image image=”479″ style=”shadow-1″ onclick=”lightbox”][vc_column_text]
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Conclusion: Understanding the Java Buffer Pool Memory Space
The Java Buffer Pool memory space is an essential component of Java applications, as it temporarily helps store data and improve performance. By using an APM tool like FusionReactor APM, you can monitor the usage of the buffer pool memory space and identify any performance bottlenecks or memory leaks. With detailed information on the size of the buffer pool, the amount of memory used by each buffer and cache, and the rate of memory allocation and deallocation, you can ensure that your application uses memory efficiently and effectively.
By understanding the Java Buffer Pool memory space and using an APM tool to monitor its usage, you can improve the performance and stability of your Java applications.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][us_page_block id=”71203″][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row]
